Page 414 - SELECTED WORKS OF CHEN YUN Volume I

410 NOTES

Kuomintang troops and encourage them to revolt, the Central Committee started a propa-
ganda campaign, calling upon other Kuomintang officers and men to follow the example of
Gao Shuxun and his troops and come over to the side of the people. This was known as the
Gao Shuxun movement. Pan Shuoduan (1901-78), a native of Weixin in Yunnan Province
and commander of the 184th Division of the Kuomintang’s 60th Corps, came over with his
troops at Haicheng, Liaoning Province, in May 1946. Afterwards, he became commander of
the 1st Army of the Northeast Democratic Allied Army. P. 298
280 Du Yuming (1904-81), a native of Mizhi, Shaanxi Province, was then commander of
the Northeast Peace Preservation Headquarters of the Kuomintang army. After the founding
of the People’s Republic of China, he became a member of the Standing Committee of the
National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. PP. 300, 306
281 George Marshall (1880-1959), former Secretary of State and of Defence of the United
States, was appointed special envoy to China by President Truman in December 1945. Using
mediation as a cover, he participated in the Kuomintang-Communist negotiations but
supported the Kuomintang government in its anti-Communist and anti-popular civil war. On
August 10, 1946 he declared the “mediation” a failure, and on January 8, 1947, he returned
to the United States. P. 302
282 Albert C. Wedemeyer, born in 1897, was an American career officer. In October 1944
he came to China as commander of the American troops in the China Theatre and chief of
staff to Chiang Kai-shek. After World War II he supported the Kuomintang government in
launching a civil war against the Communists and the people. In July 1947 he came to China
as special envoy of President Truman to “make investigations” in China, seeking ways both
to support and control the Chiang Kai-shek clique. P. 302
283 A reference to the offensive launched by the Shandong People’s Liberation Army
against the Kuomintang troops along the Qingdao-Jinan and Tianjin-Pukou railways in June
1946. It liberated more than 10 cities and towns, including Jiaoxian, Zhangdian, Zhoucun,
Dezhou, Tai’an and Zaozhuang. P. 302
284 This was a policy adopted by the Japanese imperialists in an attempt to eliminate the
people’s armed forces operating behind enemy lines and to destroy the anti-Japanese base
areas. With railways as “bars,” highways as “chains” and blockhouses as “locks,” plus
blockade walls and ditches, the Japanese imperialists tried to construct a network to encircle
the troops and people operating in the base areas. P. 302
285 A stronghold here refers to a Party branch. P. 303
286 This means that U.S. vessels, including warships, had the freedom to sail inland waters
of China. Thus, after the Japanese surrender the Kuomintang government sold an important
part of China’s sovereignty to the U.S. imperialists. On June 5, 1946, the Supreme National
Defence Council of the Kuomintang government adopted a resolution allowing foreign vessels
to enter the ports of Nanjing, Wuhu, Jiujiang and Hankou for loading and unloading during
the so-called demobilization period. On November 4 of that year, the Kuomintang and U.S.
governments concluded the Sino-U.S. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation. The
treaty provided that vessels of the signatories were free to navigate in any waters of their
countries that were open to foreign commerce or navigation, and their personnel and freight
had the right of passage through the signatories’ territory “by the routes most convenient.”
In the event of distress, the signatories’ vessels, including warships, could sail in any waters
not open to foreign commerce or navigation. Nominally, the treaty insured reciprocal rights
for both sides, but China had no ocean-going freighters in those days, so that in effect the
United States was given unilateral rights. The Chinese people were strongly opposed to this
unequal treaty. P. 304
287 On September 30, 1945, two divisions of the U.S. Marines landed in Tianjin. Later,
the United States stationed Marines in Shanghai, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao and other major